What is zama zama?

Zama Zama is a term commonly used in South Africa to refer to illegal miners. These individuals typically operate in abandoned or disused mines, often under extremely dangerous and unregulated conditions. Their primary goal is to extract valuable minerals, primarily gold, but also sometimes other resources such as diamonds or chrome, without the necessary permits or licenses.

Key aspects of Zama Zama activities include:

• Operating in Abandoned Mines: Zama Zamas frequently exploit abandoned mines, posing significant risks due to structural instability, poor ventilation, and the presence of hazardous materials.
• Dangerous Working Conditions: They often work without proper safety equipment or training, leading to accidents, injuries, and fatalities. Mine collapses, explosions, and exposure to toxic substances are common dangers.
• Organized Crime Involvement: Organized crime syndicates are frequently involved in Zama Zama activities, providing equipment, controlling access to mines, and facilitating the sale of illegally mined minerals. This can lead to turf wars and violent clashes between rival groups.
• Socio-Economic Factors: Poverty, unemployment, and a lack of economic opportunities often drive individuals to participate in Zama Zama mining.
• Environmental Impact: Their activities can cause significant environmental damage, including soil erosion, water pollution, and deforestation.
• Legal and Social Challenges: Addressing the Zama Zama problem is complex, requiring a multi-faceted approach that combines law enforcement, socio-economic development, and environmental protection. Legalizing artisanal mining has been proposed as a potential solution, but faces numerous challenges.